FunTester Lambda 表达式在线程安全 Map 中应用

FunTester · 2020年06月01日 · 824 次阅读

java.util.concurrent包含两个线程安全的Map,即ConcurrentHashMap类和ConcurrentSkipListMap类。这两个类都是线程安全的和高性能的。但是由于读取修改写入竞争条件,因此使用它们容易出错。Lambda表达式帮助我们优雅地避免了这些竞争条件。

错误 Demo

当我们从ConcurrentHashMap中读取元素,修改该元素并将该元素写回到Map中时,多线程操作就会发生竞争,请参考:原子操作组合与线程安全。如以下示例所示:

package com.fun;

import org.junit.Test;

import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;

public class TestFun {

    public void update(ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, Integer> map) {
        Integer result = map.get(1);
        if (result == null) {
            map.put(1, 1);
        } else {
            map.put(1, result + 1);
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testUpdate() throws InterruptedException {
        final ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, Integer> map =
                new ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, Integer>();
        Thread first = new Thread(() -> {
            update(map);
            update(map);
            update(map);
            update(map);
            update(map);
        });
        Thread second = new Thread(() -> {
            update(map);
            update(map);
            update(map);
            update(map);
            update(map);
        });
        Thread third = new Thread(() -> {
            update(map);
            update(map);
            update(map);
            update(map);
            update(map);
        });
        first.start();
        second.start();
        third.start();
        first.join();
        second.join();
        third.join();
        assertEquals(15, map.get(1).intValue());
    }


}

在这里,我们实现了每个按键计数器。在update方法中,如果不存在映射,则将计数初始化为1,否则将计数加1。为了重现竞争条件,我们从三个不同的线程更新了ConcurrentHashMap。在线程都停止之后,我们检查该值是否跟方法的调用次数一致。

控制台输出

  • 这里效果不明显,可以增加线程更容易复现这个 BUG。
java.lang.AssertionError: 
Expected :15
Actual   :10
<Click to see difference>

    at org.junit.Assert.fail(Assert.java:88)
    at org.junit.Assert.failNotEquals(Assert.java:834)
    at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals(Assert.java:645)
    at org.junit.Assert.assertEquals(Assert.java:631)
    at com.fun.TestFun.testUpdate(TestFun.java:51)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:497)
    at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:50)
    at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:12)
    at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:47)
    at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:17)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:325)
    at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:78)
    at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:57)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:290)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:71)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:288)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:58)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:268)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:363)
    at org.junit.runner.JUnitCore.run(JUnitCore.java:137)
    at com.intellij.junit4.JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.startRunnerWithArgs(JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.java:68)
    at com.intellij.rt.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater.startRunnerWithArgs(IdeaTestRunner.java:33)
    at com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter.prepareStreamsAndStart(JUnitStarter.java:230)
    at com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter.main(JUnitStarter.java:58)


Process finished with exit code 255

利用 Lambda 表达式避免读取、修改、写入竞争条件

为了避免这种竞争情况,我们需要一种方法来执行所有三个操作,即读取修改写入单个原子方法调用。该方法compute使用lambda表达式来做到这一点:

public void update(
    ConcurrentHashMap<Integer,Integer>  map ) {
    map.compute(1, (key, value) -> {
        if (value == null) {
            return 1;
         } 
            return value + 1;
    });
}

现在,读取修改写入操作以一种原子方法发生,并且竞争消失了。

Lambdas 需要是纯净的

ConcurrentHashMap中的lambda表达式应该在节点的同步锁下执行。因此,其他线程不得调用此ConcurrentHashMap对应节点实例的其他写入操作。

对于的compute的源码如下:

public V compute(K key,
                 BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
    if (key == null || remappingFunction == null)
        throw new NullPointerException();
    int h = spread(key.hashCode());
    V val = null;
    int delta = 0;
    int binCount = 0;
    for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
        Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
        if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
            tab = initTable();
        else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & h)) == null) {
            Node<K,V> r = new ReservationNode<K,V>();
            synchronized (r) {
                if (casTabAt(tab, i, null, r)) {
                    binCount = 1;
                    Node<K,V> node = null;
                    try {
                        if ((val = remappingFunction.apply(key, null)) != null) {
                            delta = 1;
                            node = new Node<K,V>(h, key, val, null);
                        }
                    } finally {
                        setTabAt(tab, i, node);
                    }
                }
            }
            if (binCount != 0)
                break;
        }
        else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
            tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
        else {
            synchronized (f) {
                if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                    if (fh >= 0) {
                        binCount = 1;
                        for (Node<K,V> e = f, pred = null;; ++binCount) {
                            K ek;
                            if (e.hash == h &&
                                ((ek = e.key) == key ||
                                 (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
                                val = remappingFunction.apply(key, e.val);
                                if (val != null)
                                    e.val = val;
                                else {
                                    delta = -1;
                                    Node<K,V> en = e.next;
                                    if (pred != null)
                                        pred.next = en;
                                    else
                                        setTabAt(tab, i, en);
                                }
                                break;
                            }
                            pred = e;
                            if ((e = e.next) == null) {
                                val = remappingFunction.apply(key, null);
                                if (val != null) {
                                    delta = 1;
                                    pred.next =
                                        new Node<K,V>(h, key, val, null);
                                }
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                        binCount = 1;
                        TreeBin<K,V> t = (TreeBin<K,V>)f;
                        TreeNode<K,V> r, p;
                        if ((r = t.root) != null)
                            p = r.findTreeNode(h, key, null);
                        else
                            p = null;
                        V pv = (p == null) ? null : p.val;
                        val = remappingFunction.apply(key, pv);
                        if (val != null) {
                            if (p != null)
                                p.val = val;
                            else {
                                delta = 1;
                                t.putTreeVal(h, key, val);
                            }
                        }
                        else if (p != null) {
                            delta = -1;
                            if (t.removeTreeNode(p))
                                setTabAt(tab, i, untreeify(t.first));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if (binCount != 0) {
                if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                    treeifyBin(tab, i);
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    if (delta != 0)
        addCount((long)delta, binCount);
    return val;
}

可以看到其中多次用的了synchronized关键词完成线程同步,每次锁住对节点对象,操作完成之后释放锁。


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